Меню
Array ( [0] => Array ( [TEXT] => Historical Review [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/historical_review/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Historical Review ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) [1] => Array ( [TEXT] => Renowned Vologodians [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [2] => Array ( [TEXT] => Art [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/art/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Art ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [3] => Array ( [TEXT] => Actors [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/art/actors/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Art [2] => Actors ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [4] => Array ( [TEXT] => Artists [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/art/artists/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Art [2] => Artists ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [5] => Array ( [TEXT] => Honoured workers of culture [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/art/honoured-workers-of-culture/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Art [2] => Honoured workers of culture ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [6] => Array ( [TEXT] => Defenders of Motherland [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/defenders-of-motherland/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Defenders of Motherland ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [7] => Array ( [TEXT] => Admirals [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/defenders-of-motherland/admirals/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Defenders of Motherland [2] => Admirals ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [8] => Array ( [TEXT] => Generals [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/defenders-of-motherland/generals/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Defenders of Motherland [2] => Generals ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [9] => Array ( [TEXT] => Heroes of Russia [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/defenders-of-motherland/heroes-of-russia/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Defenders of Motherland [2] => Heroes of Russia ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [10] => Array ( [TEXT] => Heroes of the Soviet Union [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/defenders-of-motherland/heroes-of-the-soviet-union/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Defenders of Motherland [2] => Heroes of the Soviet Union ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [11] => Array ( [TEXT] => Honourary citizens [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/honourary-citizens/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Honourary citizens ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [12] => Array ( [TEXT] => Literature [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/literature/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Literature ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [13] => Array ( [TEXT] => Poets [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/literature/poets/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Literature [2] => Poets ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [14] => Array ( [TEXT] => Writers [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/literature/writers/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Literature [2] => Writers ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [15] => Array ( [TEXT] => Religion [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/religion/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Religion ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [16] => Array ( [TEXT] => Science and engineering [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/science-and-engineering/ [SELECTED] => 1 [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Science and engineering ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [17] => Array ( [TEXT] => Sports [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [18] => Array ( [TEXT] => Chairmen of sports committees [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/chairmen-of-sports-committees/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Chairmen of sports committees ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [19] => Array ( [TEXT] => Honoured coaches [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/honoured-coaches/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Honoured coaches ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [20] => Array ( [TEXT] => Honoured masters of sports [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/honoured-masters-of-sports/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Honoured masters of sports ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [21] => Array ( [TEXT] => Honoured workers of fitness [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/honoured-workers-of-fitness/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Honoured workers of fitness ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [22] => Array ( [TEXT] => Masters of sports of international class [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/masters-of-sports-of-international-class/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Masters of sports of international class ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [23] => Array ( [TEXT] => Sports veterans [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/sports/sports-veterans/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => Sports [2] => Sports veterans ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [24] => Array ( [TEXT] => State and public work [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/state-and-public-work/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => State and public work ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [25] => Array ( [TEXT] => Explorers, discoverers [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/state-and-public-work/explorers-discoverers/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => State and public work [2] => Explorers, discoverers ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [26] => Array ( [TEXT] => Governors [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/state-and-public-work/governors/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => State and public work [2] => Governors ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [27] => Array ( [TEXT] => Heroes of socialist labour [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/state-and-public-work/heroes-of-socialist-labour/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => State and public work [2] => Heroes of socialist labour ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [28] => Array ( [TEXT] => Museum employees [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/renowned_vologodians/state-and-public-work/museum-employees/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Renowned Vologodians [1] => State and public work [2] => Museum employees ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [29] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Specialities [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [30] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Butter [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_butter/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda Butter ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [31] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Made Product [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_made_product/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda Made Product ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [32] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Lace [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_lace/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda Lace ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [33] => Array ( [TEXT] => Ded Moroz [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/ded_moroz/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Ded Moroz ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [34] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Linen [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_linen/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda Linen ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [35] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda's Craftsmen [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_s_craftsmen/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda's Craftsmen ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [36] => Array ( [TEXT] => Northern Niello [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/vologda_s_craftsmen/northern_niello/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Vologda's Craftsmen [2] => Northern Niello ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [37] => Array ( [TEXT] => Tourist project Silver Necklace of Russia [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/vologda_specialities/tourist-project-silver-necklace-of-russia/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Vologda Specialities [1] => Tourist project Silver Necklace of Russia ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [38] => Array ( [TEXT] => Economy [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [39] => Array ( [TEXT] => Key Industries [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [40] => Array ( [TEXT] => Light Industry [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/light_industry/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Light Industry ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [41] => Array ( [TEXT] => Timber Industry [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/timber_industry/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Timber Industry ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [42] => Array ( [TEXT] => Machine Building [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/machine_building/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Machine Building ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [43] => Array ( [TEXT] => Ferrous Metallurgy [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/ferrous_metallurgy/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Ferrous Metallurgy ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [44] => Array ( [TEXT] => Handicrafts [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/handicrafts/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Handicrafts ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [45] => Array ( [TEXT] => Food Industry [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/food_industry/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Food Industry ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [46] => Array ( [TEXT] => Glass Industry [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/glass_industry/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Glass Industry ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [47] => Array ( [TEXT] => Chemical Industry [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/key_industries/сhemical_industry/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Key Industries [2] => Chemical Industry ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [48] => Array ( [TEXT] => Agribusiness [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/agribusiness/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Agribusiness ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [49] => Array ( [TEXT] => Foreign Economic Activity [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/foreign_economic_activity/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Foreign Economic Activity ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [50] => Array ( [TEXT] => Investments [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/investments/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Investments ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [51] => Array ( [TEXT] => Foreign Investments [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/investments/foreign_investments/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Investments [2] => Foreign Investments ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [52] => Array ( [TEXT] => Investment Climate [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/investments/investment_climate/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Investments [2] => Investment Climate ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [53] => Array ( [TEXT] => Industrial Park Sheksna [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/investments/industrial_park_sheksna/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Investments [2] => Industrial Park Sheksna ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [54] => Array ( [TEXT] => Sokol Industrial Park [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/investments/sokol_industrial_park/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Investments [2] => Sokol Industrial Park ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [55] => Array ( [TEXT] => Innovation Activity [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/innovation_activity/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Innovation Activity ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [56] => Array ( [TEXT] => Communications [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/communications/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Communications ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [57] => Array ( [TEXT] => Transport [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/transport/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Transport ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [58] => Array ( [TEXT] => Air Transportation [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/transport/air_transportation/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Transport [2] => Air Transportation ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [59] => Array ( [TEXT] => Roads [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/transport/roads/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Transport [2] => Roads ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [60] => Array ( [TEXT] => Railroads [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/transport/railroads/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Transport [2] => Railroads ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [61] => Array ( [TEXT] => Water Transportation [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/transport/water_transportation/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Transport [2] => Water Transportation ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [62] => Array ( [TEXT] => Fairs [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/fairs/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Fairs ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [63] => Array ( [TEXT] => International Lace Festival VITA LACE [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/fairs/international-lace-festival-vita-lace/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Fairs [2] => International Lace Festival VITA LACE ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [64] => Array ( [TEXT] => International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Flax" [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/fairs/international_fair_and_exhibition_russian_flax/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Fairs [2] => International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Flax" ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [65] => Array ( [TEXT] => International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Forest" [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/fairs/international_fair_and_exhibition_russian_wood/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Fairs [2] => International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Forest" ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [66] => Array ( [TEXT] => Exhibition "Gates to the North" [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/economy/fairs/exhibition_gates_to_the_north/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Economy [1] => Fairs [2] => Exhibition "Gates to the North" ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [67] => Array ( [TEXT] => Culture [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [68] => Array ( [TEXT] => Historical Cities [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/historical_cities/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Historical Cities ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [69] => Array ( [TEXT] => Wooden Architecture [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/wooden_architecture/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Wooden Architecture ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [70] => Array ( [TEXT] => Churches and Monasteries [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/churches_and_monasteries/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Churches and Monasteries ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [71] => Array ( [TEXT] => Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/churches_and_monasteries/kirillo_belozersky_monastery/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Churches and Monasteries [2] => Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [72] => Array ( [TEXT] => Ferapontov Monastery [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/churches_and_monasteries/ferapontov_monastery/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Churches and Monasteries [2] => Ferapontov Monastery ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [73] => Array ( [TEXT] => Art [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/art/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Art ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [74] => Array ( [TEXT] => Museums [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [75] => Array ( [TEXT] => Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Preserve [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/kirillo_belozersky_museum_preserve/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Kirillo-Belozersky Museum-Preserve ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [76] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda State Museum-Preserve [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/vologda_state_museum_preserve/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Vologda State Museum-Preserve ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [77] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Picture Gallery [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/vologda_picture_gallery/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Vologda Picture Gallery ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [78] => Array ( [TEXT] => Veliky Ustyug State Historical Art and Architecture Museum [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/veliky_ustyug_state_historical_art_and_architecture_museum/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Veliky Ustyug State Historical Art and Architecture Museum ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [79] => Array ( [TEXT] => Belozersk Museum of Local Lore [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/belozersk_museum_of_local_lore/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Belozersk Museum of Local Lore ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [80] => Array ( [TEXT] => Tot'ma Museum Association [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/tot_ma_museum_association/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Tot'ma Museum Association ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [81] => Array ( [TEXT] => Cherepovets Museum Association [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/cherepovets_museum_association/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Cherepovets Museum Association ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [82] => Array ( [TEXT] => Bryanchaninovs' country estate [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/museums/bryanchaninovs_country_estate/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Museums [2] => Bryanchaninovs' country estate ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [83] => Array ( [TEXT] => Theatres [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/theatres/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Theatres ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [84] => Array ( [TEXT] => Theatre festival “Voices of History” [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/theatres/theatre_festival_voices_of_history/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Theatres [2] => Theatre festival “Voices of History” ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [85] => Array ( [TEXT] => Music [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/music/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Music ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [86] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Philharmonic Society [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/music/vologda_philharmonic_society [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => P [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Music [2] => Vologda Philharmonic Society ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [87] => Array ( [TEXT] => Governor Orchestra of Folk Instruments [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/music/governor_orchestra_of_folk_instruments/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Music [2] => Governor Orchestra of Folk Instruments ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [88] => Array ( [TEXT] => Cherepovets Philharmonic Society [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/music/cherepovets_philharmonic_society [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => P [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Music [2] => Cherepovets Philharmonic Society ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [89] => Array ( [TEXT] => Ensemble "Russian North" [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/music/ensemble_russian_north/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Music [2] => Ensemble "Russian North" ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [90] => Array ( [TEXT] => Traditional Crafts [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/traditional_crafts/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Traditional Crafts ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [91] => Array ( [TEXT] => Libraries [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/libraries/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 8 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Libraries ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [92] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda Regional Academic Library [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/libraries/vologda_regional_academic_library/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Libraries [2] => Vologda Regional Academic Library ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [93] => Array ( [TEXT] => Holidays in Russia [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/holidays_in_russia/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 9 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Holidays in Russia ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [94] => Array ( [TEXT] => Voices Festival [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/voices_festival/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 10 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Voices Festival ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [95] => Array ( [TEXT] => International festival “City of Crafts” [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/international_festival_voice_of_crafts/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 11 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => International festival “City of Crafts” ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [96] => Array ( [TEXT] => Russian Folklore Festival “Village - the Soul of Russia” [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/culture/russian-folklore-festival-village-the-soul-of-russia/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 12 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Culture [1] => Russian Folklore Festival “Village - the Soul of Russia” ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [97] => Array ( [TEXT] => Statistics [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/statistics/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Statistics ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) [98] => Array ( [TEXT] => Education [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [99] => Array ( [TEXT] => Secondary Education [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/secondary_education/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Secondary Education ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [100] => Array ( [TEXT] => Technical colleges and universities [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/technical_colleges_and_universities/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Technical colleges and universities ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [101] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda State University [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/technical_colleges_and_universities/Vologda_State_Technical_University/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Technical colleges and universities [2] => Vologda State University ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [102] => Array ( [TEXT] => Cherepovets State University [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/technical_colleges_and_universities/Cherepovets_State_University/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Technical colleges and universities [2] => Cherepovets State University ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [103] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda State Milk Academy [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/technical_colleges_and_universities/Vologda_State_Milk_Academy/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Technical colleges and universities [2] => Vologda State Milk Academy ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [104] => Array ( [TEXT] => Extra-curricular activities [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/education/extra_curricular_activities/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Education [1] => Extra-curricular activities ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [105] => Array ( [TEXT] => Public Health Care [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/public_health_care/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Public Health Care ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) [106] => Array ( [TEXT] => Tourism [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 8 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [107] => Array ( [TEXT] => Tourism Opportunities [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [108] => Array ( [TEXT] => Vologda [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/vologda/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => Vologda ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [109] => Array ( [TEXT] => Cherepovets [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/cherepovets/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => Cherepovets ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [110] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Belozersk [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_belozersk/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Belozersk ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [111] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Vashki [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_vashki/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Vashki ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [112] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Veliky Ustyug [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_veliky_ustyug/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 4 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Veliky Ustyug ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [113] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Vytegra [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_vytegra/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 5 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Vytegra ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [114] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Kirillov [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_kirillov/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 6 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Kirillov ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [115] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Nyuksenitsa [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_nyuksenitsa/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 7 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Nyuksenitsa ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [116] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Tot'ma [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_tot_ma/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 8 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Tot'ma ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [117] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Ustyuzhna [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_ustyuzhna/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 9 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Ustyuzhna ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [118] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Sheksna [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_sheksna/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 10 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Sheksna ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [119] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Nikolsk [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_nikolsk/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 11 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Nikolsk ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [120] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Mezhdurech'ye [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_mezhdurech_ye/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 12 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Mezhdurech'ye ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [121] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Gryazovets [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_gryazovets/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 13 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Gryazovets ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [122] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Vologda [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_vologda/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 14 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Vologda ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [123] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Verkhovazh'ye [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_verkhovazh_ye/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 15 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Verkhovazh'ye ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [124] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Babushkino [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_babushkino/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 16 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Babushkino ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [125] => Array ( [TEXT] => District of Kadui [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/tourism_opportunities/district_of_kadui/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 17 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Tourism Opportunities [2] => District of Kadui ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [126] => Array ( [TEXT] => Hotels and Restaurants [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/hotels_and_restaurants/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Hotels and Restaurants ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [127] => Array ( [TEXT] => Veliky Ustyug - Hometown of Ded Moroz [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/veliky_ustyug-hometown_of_ded_moroz/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Veliky Ustyug - Hometown of Ded Moroz ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [128] => Array ( [TEXT] => Ded Moroz' Birthday [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/veliky_ustyug-hometown_of_ded_moroz/ded_moroz_birthday/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Veliky Ustyug - Hometown of Ded Moroz [2] => Ded Moroz' Birthday ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [129] => Array ( [TEXT] => Official Ded Moroz of Sochi Winter Olympics [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/veliky_ustyug-hometown_of_ded_moroz/ded_moroz_sochi/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Veliky Ustyug - Hometown of Ded Moroz [2] => Official Ded Moroz of Sochi Winter Olympics ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 3 [IS_PARENT] => ) [130] => Array ( [TEXT] => Rural Tourism [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/tourism/rural_tourism/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 3 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Tourism [1] => Rural Tourism ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [131] => Array ( [TEXT] => Foreign Relations [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/foreign-relations/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 9 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Foreign Relations ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [132] => Array ( [TEXT] => Association of Healthy Cities, Regions and Settlements [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/foreign-relations/association-of-healthy-cities-regions-and-settlements/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Foreign Relations [1] => Association of Healthy Cities, Regions and Settlements ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [133] => Array ( [TEXT] => Symbols of the Oblast [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/symbols_of_the_oblast/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 10 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Symbols of the Oblast ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) [134] => Array ( [TEXT] => Nature [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/nature/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 11 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Nature ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => 1 ) [135] => Array ( [TEXT] => Red Data Book of the Vologda Oblast [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/nature/red_data_book_of_the_vologda_oblast/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 0 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Nature [1] => Red Data Book of the Vologda Oblast ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [136] => Array ( [TEXT] => National Parks [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/nature/national_parks/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 1 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Nature [1] => National Parks ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [137] => Array ( [TEXT] => Natural Resources [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/nature/natural_resources/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 2 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Nature [1] => Natural Resources ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 2 [IS_PARENT] => ) [138] => Array ( [TEXT] => Maps [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/maps/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 12 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Maps ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) [139] => Array ( [TEXT] => Film about Vologda Oblast [LINK] => /en/about_the_region/film_about_vologda_oblast/ [SELECTED] => [PERMISSION] => R [ADDITIONAL_LINKS] => Array ( ) [ITEM_TYPE] => D [ITEM_INDEX] => 13 [PARAMS] => Array ( ) [CHAIN] => Array ( [0] => Film about Vologda Oblast ) [DEPTH_LEVEL] => 1 [IS_PARENT] => ) ) 1

Science and engineering

Constantin von Monakow

Constantin von Monakow

neuropathologist, neuropsychologist, philosopher

Neuropathologist, neuropsychologist, philosopher

(04.11.1853, Bobretsovo, Vologda Oblast - 19.10.1930, Zürich, Switzerland)


Constantin von Monakow was a Russian founder of the Switzerland Neurological Society who became one of the most influential neurologists of the 19th-20th century by pioneering the study of brain anatomy.

Constantin von Monakow was born in Bobretsovo (Vologda Oblast), Russia in 1853. He emigrated with his family to Germany and to Zürich, Switzerland, in 1866, where he earned a degree in medicine and neurology from the University of Zürich.

His ideas developed under a great influence of the Würzburg School of psychology.

The neurology of the time insisted on localization of psychological functions. Monakow, on the other hand, opposed to the theory, and developed an approach focused on the way in which falling out of psychological operations signified a zone of cerebral affection and not localization of psychical functions.

While still pursuing his medical studies, von Monakow came into personal contact with contemporary leading psychiatrists and neuroanatomists, and for a year was assistant to E.Hitzig (1838-1907), director of Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic. Other decisive encounters were with W. Griesinger (1817-1875) and B. Gudden (1824-1886). Von Monakow laid the foundations of his work on neuropathology, neurophysiology and neuroanatomy during his year-long period as assistant in remote St Pirminsberg in the St Gall region. His monumental studies Gehirnpathologie (1897) and Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktionen durch kortikale Herde (1914) made Constantin von Monakow world famous, and Zürich became a world byword for the "Zürich Neurobiology school" or the "Monakow clinical-anatomical movement".

The localizing experiments of neuropsychiatrists such as Gudden and Hitzig interfered with mind-body separation. Comprehensive ideas were needed for their interpretation. In 1876 Monakow was initiated into brain research by Hitzig and by Gudden. Comprehensive ideas beyond the limits of the subject are typical of Monakow's works, starting from his dissertation where he discussed a parietal pain center. He created new terms. Monakow wanted to renew biology by exploring human rather than animal biology. Thus neurology and psychiatry became "neurobiology" and "neuropsychiatry".

Constantin von Monakow was a genius who in spite of political (emigration), family (break with his father), cultural (Russian mother tongue) difficulties and gross obstructions of his academic career achieved international recognition and praise for his very personal research.

Monakow belongs to the Neuropsychiatrists at the turn of the twentieth century who introduced highly efficient experimental methods into brain anatomy. We owe to him a number of discoveries and important details in the microscopical analysis of major brain pathways, to mention only the visual and auditory systems. Of special interest were his theory of brain localization and his original explanation of postapoplectic impairment of anatomically intact perifocal brain areas by diaschisis. Due to the close connection between basic research and clinical-pathological studies Monakow's Brain Research Institute in Zürich founded in 1891 became an attractive and well-regarded center of experimental neuroanatomy.

The Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry were established in 1917 by him. The main motivation was the growing need for an independent Swiss journal. While the papers were mainly Swiss authored, the Swiss Archives occupied a significant international position from the outset, as witness the regular contributions from well-known European neurologists.

Constantin von Monakow remained editor-in-chief until his death in 1930. Most of the famous (neuro-) scientific-philosophical works written during the last 15 years of his life were published in the Swiss Archives. The most outstanding volume was No 13 (1923), which contains 52 articles by the most renowned neurologists, psychiatrists, neuroanatomists and physiologists of that time as a festschrift for Constantin von Monakow's 70th birthday. Nearly all were papers with the more or less direct connection to von Monakow's work.

Until his death in 1930 his interest centered increasingly on ethical, philosophical and also religious issues, which he attempted to approach from a scientific, neurobiological perspective. Since the founding of Swiss Archives his contributions had been omnipresent and in number exceeded all the others.

In the history of Swiss neurology the founding of the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry constituted a milestone: in the struggle for acceptance as an independent and officially recognized speciality neurology had taken a decisive step forward.

Monakow's open system of new ideas fully developed in 1928.

Monakow's ideas on cerebral and localization, particularly diaschisis and chronogenic localization, attracted little attention in the first years after publication. The late recognition of Monakow's work by most authors may also be due to the publication of his main work Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktionen durch kortikale Herde in 1914 when the First World War broke out, and to his intricate German style, defying attempts at translation into English, while Monakow's thoughts were too far ahead of his time, as his present success proves. A search covering in the last 20 years showed steadily increasing interest in diaschisis, and increasing citations of Monakow.

Constantin von Monakow presented his concept of diaschisis in his monograph Gehirnpathologie (2nd edition, 1905), and more extensively, in Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktionen durch kortikale Herde (1914). He defined diaschisis as a neurally transmitted, temporally and spatially restricted, functional disturbance in an area remote from the site of a primary brain lesion.

Over the last 15 years of his life Monakow shifted his emphasis to medical and philosophical concepts which were tightly intertwined.

Constantin von Monakow's main works:

  • Gehirnpathologie. Wien. 1896;
  • Die Lokalisation im Grosshirn und Abbau der Funktion durch kortikale Herde. Bergmann. Wiesbaden. 1914;
  • Schizophrenie und Plexus chorioidei (mit Kitabayashi). Schweizer Archiv. IV. S.363. 1919;
  • Die Syneidesis, das biologische Gewissen. Schweizer Archiv f. Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Bd. XX.1927;
  • Introduction biologique à l'étude de la neurology et de la psychopathologie. (C. de Monakow et R. Mourgue.) Alcan, Paris. 1928.

Towards the end of his fateful life Constantin von Monakow wrote an autobiography, "Vita mea", a "testament of my life, as it were".


Literature:
Gehirn und Gewissen. Psychobiologische Aufsätze von Constantin von Monakow. Mit einer biographischen Einführung von Mieczyslaw Minkowski. Morgarten Verlag, Conzett & Huber. Zurich. 1950; Schweizer Archiv f. Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Bd. 145. Verlag Bäbler. Bern. 1994; Schweizer Archiv f. Neurologie und Psychiatrie. Bd. 146. Verlag Bäbler. Bern. 1995; 100 Jahre Schweizerische Neurologische Gesellschaft. Herausgegeben von Claudio Bassetti und Marco Mumenthaler. Schwabe Verlag. Basel. 2008.

Back to the list